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Glossary
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Glossary
Previous: <Table of Symbols=>TableofSym> * Next: <Index=>Index> * Up: <Top=>!Root>
#Wrap on
{fH2}Glossary{f}
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#Indent
Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
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Formal method of specifying context-free grammars. BNF was first used
in the {fCite}ALGOL-60{f} report, 1963. \*Note <Language and Grammar=>Languagean>: Languages and Context-Free Grammars.
#Indent
Context-free grammars
#Indent +4
Grammars specified as rules that can be applied regardless of context.
Thus, if there is a rule which says that an integer can be used as an
expression, integers are allowed {fEmphasis}anywhere{f} an expression is
permitted. \*Note <Language and Grammar=>Languagean>: Languages and Context-Free Grammars.
#Indent
Dynamic allocation
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Allocation of memory that occurs during execution, rather than at
compile time or on entry to a function.
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Empty string
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Analogous to the empty set in set theory, the empty string is a
character string of length zero.
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Finite-state stack machine
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A ``machine'' that has discrete states in which it is said to exist at
each instant in time. As input to the machine is processed, the
machine moves from state to state as specified by the logic of the
machine. In the case of the parser, the input is the language being
parsed, and the states correspond to various stages in the grammar
rules. \*Note <Algorithm=>Algorithm>: The Bison Parser Algorithm .
#Indent
Grouping
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A language construct that is (in general) grammatically divisible;
for example, `expression' or `declaration' in C.
\*Note <Language and Grammar=>Languagean>: Languages and Context-Free Grammars.
#Indent
Infix operator
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An arithmetic operator that is placed between the operands on which it
performs some operation.
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Input stream
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A continuous flow of data between devices or programs.
#Indent
Language construct
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One of the typical usage schemas of the language. For example, one of
the constructs of the C language is the {fCode}if{f} statement.
\*Note <Language and Grammar=>Languagean>: Languages and Context-Free Grammars.
#Indent
Left associativity
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Operators having left associativity are analyzed from left to right:
{fEmphasis}a+b+c{f} first computes {fEmphasis}a+b{f} and then combines with
{fEmphasis}c{f}. \*Note <Precedence=>Precedencf>: Operator Precedence.
#Indent
Left recursion
#Indent +4
A rule whose result symbol is also its first component symbol;
for example, {fEmphasis}expseq1 : expseq1 ',' exp;{f}. \*Note <Recursion=>Recursion>: Recursive Rules.
#Indent
Left-to-right parsing
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Parsing a sentence of a language by analyzing it token by token from
left to right. \*Note <Algorithm=>Algorithm>: The Bison Parser Algorithm .
#Indent
Lexical analyzer (scanner)
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A function that reads an input stream and returns tokens one by one.
\*Note <Lexical=>Lexical>: The Lexical Analyzer Function {fCode}yylex{f}.
#Indent
Lexical tie-in
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A flag, set by actions in the grammar rules, which alters the way
tokens are parsed. \*Note <Lexical Tie-ins=>LexicalTie>.
#Indent
Look-ahead token
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A token already read but not yet shifted. \*Note <Look-Ahead=>LookAhead>: Look-Ahead Tokens.
#Indent
LALR(1)
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The class of context-free grammars that Bison (like most other parser
generators) can handle; a subset of LR(1). \*Note <Mystery Conflicts=>MysteryCon>: Mysterious Reduce\/Reduce Conflicts.
#Indent
LR(1)
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The class of context-free grammars in which at most one token of
look-ahead is needed to disambiguate the parsing of any piece of input.
#Indent
Nonterminal symbol
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A grammar symbol standing for a grammatical construct that can
be expressed through rules in terms of smaller constructs; in other
words, a construct that is not a token. \*Note <Symbols=>Symbols>.
#Indent
Parse error
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An error encountered during parsing of an input stream due to invalid
syntax. \*Note <Error Recovery=>ErrorRecov>.
#Indent
Parser
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A function that recognizes valid sentences of a language by analyzing
the syntax structure of a set of tokens passed to it from a lexical
analyzer.
#Indent
Postfix operator
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An arithmetic operator that is placed after the operands upon which it
performs some operation.
#Indent
Reduction
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Replacing a string of nonterminals and\/or terminals with a single
nonterminal, according to a grammar rule. \*Note <Algorithm=>Algorithm>: The Bison Parser Algorithm .
#Indent
Reentrant
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A reentrant subprogram is a subprogram which can be in invoked any
number of times in parallel, without interference between the various
invocations. \*Note <Pure Decl=>PureDecl>: A Pure (Reentrant) Parser.
#Indent
Reverse polish notation
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A language in which all operators are postfix operators.
#Indent
Right recursion
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A rule whose result symbol is also its last component symbol;
for example, {fEmphasis}expseq1: exp ',' expseq1;{f}. \*Note <Recursion=>Recursion>: Recursive Rules.
#Indent
Semantics
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In computer languages, the semantics are specified by the actions
taken for each instance of the language, i.e., the meaning of
each statement. \*Note <Semantics=>Semantics>: Defining Language Semantics.
#Indent
Shift
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A parser is said to shift when it makes the choice of analyzing
further input from the stream rather than reducing immediately some
already-recognized rule. \*Note <Algorithm=>Algorithm>: The Bison Parser Algorithm .
#Indent
Single-character literal
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A single character that is recognized and interpreted as is.
\*Note <Grammar in Bison=>GrammarinB>: From Formal Rules to Bison Input.
#Indent
Start symbol
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The nonterminal symbol that stands for a complete valid utterance in
the language being parsed. The start symbol is usually listed as the
first nonterminal symbol in a language specification.
\*Note <Start Decl=>StartDecl>: The Start-Symbol.
#Indent
Symbol table
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A data structure where symbol names and associated data are stored
during parsing to allow for recognition and use of existing
information in repeated uses of a symbol. \*Note <Multi-function Calc=>Multifunct>.
#Indent
Token
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A basic, grammatically indivisible unit of a language. The symbol
that describes a token in the grammar is a terminal symbol.
The input of the Bison parser is a stream of tokens which comes from
the lexical analyzer. \*Note <Symbols=>Symbols>.
#Indent
Terminal symbol
#Indent +4
A grammar symbol that has no rules in the grammar and therefore
is grammatically indivisible. The piece of text it represents
is a token. \*Note <Language and Grammar=>Languagean>: Languages and Context-Free Grammars.
#Indent